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Since snobbery and deference have a big part to play in Nick Hayes’s exhilarating book, let’s start with the obligatory name-drop. I have lunched – twice, in different country piles, and most enjoyably – with one of the principal villains of The Book of Trespass. Richard Scott, tenth Duke of Buccleuch, owns around a quarter-million acres of Britain (no individual has more, although the Crown Estate, the National Trust, the Forestry Common, the RSPB and MoD outgun the Buccleuchs). So he sits at the apex of the system of private landed property that grants total control to elite proprietors, near-zero rights of access and enjoyment to everyone else, and underpins that “cult of exclusion” that (in Hayes’s eyes) has defined and degraded our national life.
His Grace – genial, generous, green-minded – will enjoy Hayes’s account of slipping into the 11,000-acre estate around Boughton House in Northants (the “English Versailles”, and one of the Buccleuch seats) only to be scolded for his intrusion by both male (menacing) and female (polite) guardians in “a caricature of gendered debate”. Later, Hayes makes clear that his mission to free the land of England from the fences that bound it, and the “mindwall” that habituates its people to an unjust status quo, demands more than a few titled heads on pikes. It makes no sense, he argues, to create “fairy-tale ogres as if their own personalities are to blame” for centuries of law, force and propaganda. “An absolutist, partisan mindset” gets us nowhere: it turns out that even the model for Toad Hall in Wind in the Willows belongs to an exemplary enlightened landowner, Sir Julian Rose, whose organic estate embodies “almost every ideal of the land movement”. All the same, I would pay well to see Nick Hayes and the 10th Duke on a platform together.
Fences, wall and divisions of all kinds run through Hayes’s book – a gorgeously written, deeply researched and merrily provocative tour of English landscape, history and culture through the eyes of the trespassers who have always scaled, dodged or broken the barriers that scar our land. Even with recent, grudging adjustments to the law, people in England have the “right to roam” over only 10 per cent or so of their native country, and to boat down a mere 3 per cent of its waters. In global terms, that’s an almost-unique dearth of entitlement. The length of public footpaths has actually halved, to around 118,000 miles, since the 19th century. Hereditary aristocrats still own “a third of Britain”, even though foreign corporations now run them close (and have colonised the iconic Wind in the Willows villages by the Thames). Hayes wants to understand not just how this theft of access happened, how the old shared culture of the “commons” gave way to absolute rights of ownership, but “why we allow ourselves to be fenced off in this way”.
A graphic novelist and illustrator (his own atmospheric, Edward Bawden-esque scenes punctuate his chapters), he crosses the boundaries of one grand domain after another – from Boughton (pictured above) to Cliveden, Arundel Castle to Highclere Castle (aka Downton Abbey, pictured below), Basildon Park to Windsor Castle itself, where the tour ends as he wonders whether to breach the royal bounds and so risk the draconian criminal sanctions that now protect the Queen’s personal acres from snoopers. Splendidly eloquent nature-writing evokes the woodlands, the wildlife, the landscapes and ecologies of the countryside that the post-Norman millennium of property law – or, if you prefer, “violence and theft” – has shaped, for good or ill. Symbolic animals – badger, fox, hare, stag, pheasant and so on – head the chapters and populate the stories within them. Along the way, as he mounts walls and encounters gamekeepers or gardeners, Hayes digs deep into the history of landed property in England from the Norman Conquest to the National Parks Act, by way of enclosure and dispossession at home, slavery and colonialism abroad, rural rebellion and popular pushback, from anti-enclosure riots to gypsies, vagrants and “witches” with their “decoctions of sedition and heresy”. In a pivotal, and timely, chapter, Hayes links subjection overseas to servitude at home: “Slavery was an extreme version of a time-honoured hierarchy in England: its impetus was profit, its disguise was race, but its mechanism was class”. Poor England was the first British colony.
Crucially, and ambitiously, he argues that “Englishness has always been defined by the landed lords of England and fed in columns of hot air to the landless”: our old friend, nationalism as false consciousness. Globally, an imperial machinery of slavery and conquest both bankrolled and legitimised the “cult of exclusion” that kept the English off their own turf. At home, the “magical architecture” and seductive contours of the great estates lent that dogma a patina of beauty and grace. Meanwhile, poachers swung from gibbets, plantation slaves toiled and died, proud commoners became a cowed rural proletariat and, in post-industrial mass society, the heritage industry served up centuries of mass uprooting and intimidation as a glorious aristocratic legacy. Land became a “commodity alone”, “partitioned from the web of social ties” that truly gives it value.
Hayes, as he would readily admit, stands on the shoulders of green (and sometimes red) English giants. His visionary, lyrical critique and elegy echoes with the voices of rural radicalism, from Williams Cobbett, Hazlitt and Morris, forward through George Orwell, EP Thompson and Richard Mabey, back to popular hatred of the “Norman Yoke” and tyrant grandees on horseback, and even to the rooted equality dreamed by Levellers, Diggers and the sectaries of the Civil War. I would have liked more poetry (although Hayes’s prose can thrillingly take flight on its own) – the incomparable John Clare seems to haunt every page without ever surfacing by name from the underbrush.
“If England is full,” Hayes laments, after showing how migration panics again misdirect people as to the true sources of their vulnerability, “it is full of space. And the walls that hide it.” When it comes to ways to overcome not just the laws that keep us off the terrain we formerly shared, but the “optical illusion of walls and words” in English minds, The Book of Trespass has mightier fences to climb. Hayes frequently argues in a totalising, maximalist vein, with property rights as key to the “entire dynamic of elite power” that fuels racism, patriarchy and inequality of all sorts. Even poor old anglers, those “fisher-kings” with their bought licences, get it with both barrels as lackeys of the ruling class, opposed to the free-spirited kayakers who paddle over partitions with proper revolutionary zeal.
His book’s impish woodland tales of spliffs smoked, magic mushrooms sampled and MDMA dabbed place Hayes firmly in one specific camp – in class and cultural terms – among modern rural dissidents. Yet he sometimes tries to reach out to a wider, more inclusive, constituency. He outlines the merits of a Land Value Tax (first proposed by Lloyd George and Winston Churchill in the 1909 “People’s Budget”), praises the mainstream Sheffield campaign to halt the vandalistic destruction of the city’s trees, and saves kind words for the – thoroughly bourgeois and middle-of-the-road – Scottish government’s freedom-to-roam laws. But then English trespassers, legal and literary, have long regretted the cap-doffing, forelock-tugging (or, today, Brexit-backing and Mail-reading) docility of their fellow-countrymen, while seeking to stir up their dormant rebel spirits.
Hayes spots the danger of a “binary perspective”, them against us. He takes care never to demonise the keepers and estate workers he confronts on his wall-breaching escapades. In the end, though, for all its exuberance and erudition, The Book of Trespass is unlikely to cross many of the fraudulent culture-war fences that divide citizens today. But for anyone already within Hayes’s palisades, or tempted to traverse their usual limits, it will quicken the mind and lift the spirits. Not destiny but documents, not nature but coercion, have walled us from our land. This inspirational book offers a sharp-eyed, muddy-booted guide to the long, sorry process that left the English “simultaneously hedged out of their land and hemmed into a new ideology”. Take it along next time you plan to jump any fence.
- The Book of Trespass: Crossing the lines that divide us by Nick Hayes (Bloomsbury Circus, £20)
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